✓ Unit 16 유형별 모의고사 1~10번 문제+답지 다운
1번: 사람과 개의 청각 비교 : 개는 사람보다 높은 음과 낮은 음을 감지할 수 있지만, 비슷한 소리의 차이를 구별하는 능력은 부족하다. 반면, 사람은 소리를 더 정확히 구분할 수 있다.
Who hears better, people or dogs? In one sense, dogs do, because they can hear very high or low tones, as well as very soft tones, which people cannot. On the other hand, dogs are not able to (detect, miss) the difference between similar sounds. That’s why a dog named Fido would likely respond to people saying things like “my dough,” “hi ho,” and “buy low.”
In fact, there generally exists a basic (trade-off, advantage) in (perceptual, visual) systems between the range of sensory information organs can detect and how clearly they can detect it. The former is known as (detection, sensation), and the latter is called (resolution, detection).
Detection is stronger than resolution for most animals, which is why they sense and respond to things before they know exactly what they are. Humans sense things more precisely because they have a stronger emphasis on resolution. Hence, we can hear sounds more (distinctly, vaguely), even though the (scope, distance) of sounds that we hear isn’t as wide as that of dogs.
2번: 과학 혁명의 과정 : 과학은 단순히 사실을 축적하는 것이 아니라, 기존 패러다임에 도전하는 새로운 이론과 변화를 통해 발전한다. 새로운 패러다임은 기존의 것을 대체하며, 이는 과학적 혁명을 일으킨다.
Thomas Kuhn, the author of the Structure of Scientific Revolutions, argues that science advances as a result of many (curves, steps) and bends in knowledge rather than just a straightforward accumulation of facts. Science desires to explain observations within a (coherent, inconsistent) framework. Change begins when scientists notice things that are (inconsistent, consistent) with the existing model. They will initially be cast aside as (irrelevant, essential). However, as these (abnormalities, principles) accumulate, some will raise questions about the (legitimacy, simplicity) of the existing paradigm.
A revolution often starts with those who develop a (rival, aligned) framework, putting forth a new theory which includes the previously excluded abnormalities. Of course, it will not be perfect at first, but it will ultimately be advanced by others who agree with the new theory. It is even possible for two paradigms to (coexist, collapse) side by side for a while. But the old one (disappears, strengthens) as the new one becomes more comprehensive.
And then a scientific paradigm shift occurs: The old way of looking at things has not merely been altered; rather, a (fundamental, trivial) new view of the natural world has replaced it.
3번: 생산시설 입지 선정의 중요성 : 회사는 생산시설의 입지를 선정할 때, 변동 가능한 양적 요인보다 지역 노동자의 기술 수준과 같은 질적 요인을 우선적으로 고려해야 한다.
In order for a company to make the most of its production resources, it’s important for it to choose the (optimal, suboptimal) location for its manufacturing facilities, but this choice is seldom given enough attention. Usually, the decision is simply based on (quantitative, qualitative) factors, such as government regulations, taxes, and foreign-exchange rates. However, this doesn’t always lead to the best results, because these factors are all (variable, stable).
Qualitative factors, though, which are frequently neglected, can provide a (consistent, inconsistent) competitive advantage. For example, by choosing a location where the skill level of local workers is high, a company can implement more (advanced, outdated) and efficient technologies.
Consequently, manufacturers should ensure that the qualitative characteristics of a potential location provide advantages and properly support the company’s overall strategy. Quantitative factors like costs, taxes, and so on should be taken into account only after determining which sites are (desirable, undesirable) qualitatively.
4번: 바니타스 그림의 의미 : 바니타스 그림은 인간의 삶과 쾌락이 덧없음을 상징하며, 물질적 욕망을 낮추고 영적 가치를 추구하도록 메시지를 전달한다.
The artistic term (vanitas, memento mori), first used in the 17th century, describes a kind of still-life painting intended to remind the viewer of the (futility, significance) of life and all its pleasures. A vanitas painting, while often containing beautiful objects, always included symbols of human (mortality, vitality) — most often human skulls, and such things as burning candles, decaying flowers, smoke, watches and hourglasses.
This symbolism was used to carry an important moral message: The (material, spiritual) pleasures of this short life are always destroyed by death, so enjoying them is futile and meaningless. In other words, vanitas was meant to convey a sense of the emptiness of life.
Why vanitas paintings became popular in the 17th century can be attributed to many factors. The century was one of huge changes and great advances. It was a century of wars and plague, but it was also the century of Galileo and Newton. In the midst of so many developments and inventions, vanitas painters sought to portray human (ambition, humility) and (worldliness, simplicity) as foolish, and to encourage a simple and spiritual life.
5번: 일주기성 인자와 기억력 : 사람의 일주기성 인자는 기억 저장과 같은 정신적 능력에 영향을 미치며, 개인이 하루 중 집중력이 최고조에 이르는 시간을 이해하면 더 효과적으로 활동할 수 있다.
One important feature of humans is the (circadian, daily) rhythm that our brain follows. Almost everything we do throughout the day is affected by it. When we eat, sleep, or work, we do it partly because our (chronotype, rhythm) tells us to.
According to researchers, your chronotype is what determines whether you are a morning person or a night person. These researchers, who have studied the (interaction, separation) between chronotypes and memory extensively, say that your (mental, physical) performance changes throughout the day based on your chronotype. For example, night people have a harder time focusing in the morning, especially when there are things that might distract them visually.
The research team explains that people’s chronotypes play a very important role whenever the brain needs to store a memory, which in turn affects the rest of the memory process, including (focus, distraction). If we understood our chronotypes a bit better, we could take better advantage of the times of day when our abilities to concentrate and remember things are at their (peak, decline). We could also better deal with the times of day when we don’t function well.
6번: 언어와 본능의 관계 : 언어는 학습되는 기술이라기보다는 인간의 뇌에 내재된 본능적 특성이다. 이는 거미가 본능적으로 거미줄을 치는 것과 유사하다.
Rather than being something we learn as we study history or the multiplication table, language is a unique part of the (biological, mechanical) makeup of our brains. It is different from our general abilities to process and intelligently learn information because we develop this specialized and complex skill (spontaneously, consciously) as children without making a conscious effort.
We begin to use language without instruction and without knowing its (underlying, visible) logic. That’s why it is described as an (instinct, skill) by some cognitive scientists. The use of this term implies a (comparison, distinction) between people’s ability to know how to talk and the way in which spiders know how to spin webs.
Spiders are not taught web-spinning and do not have to be highly intelligent or gifted to master this task. They simply have an (instinctual, rational) urge to spin webs, as well as the ability to succeed at this task.
From a cognitive perspective, language is a distinctive trait that is (inherent, acquired) in human brains rather than something that must be acquired.
7번: 소문의 부정적 영향 : 소문은 대개 부정적이며, 무고한 사람의 평판을 훼손할 수 있다. 소문이 거짓인지 모른다는 것은 그것을 퍼뜨린 행동의 책임에서 면제되지 않는다.
Rumors are rarely (positive, negative) or constructive. Instead, they are usually mean-spirited and, more often than not, untrue. Therefore, when you repeat a rumor, chances are that you are contributing to the damage of an innocent person’s reputation. People who repeatedly do this will sometimes defend their behavior by saying it wasn’t (malicious, innocent). After all, they were just repeating what they had heard and had no way of knowing it was untrue.
This, of course, is a weak defense. A drunk driver doesn’t get behind the wheel with (malicious, careful) intent. But if he or she kills someone, this doesn’t matter. Through poor judgment, (negligence, responsibility) and a lack of consideration for others, the drunk driver has taken a life.
In the same way, not knowing that a rumor is untrue is not an (excuse, justification) for passing it on. With or without this knowledge, the damage is the same. The obvious (course of action, path of destruction) to take when hearing a rumor is to keep the information to yourself. Doing so will harm no one.
People may try to (justify, absolve) the spreading of a malicious rumor by saying that they did not know it was false, but this does not (absolve, accuse) them of (responsibility, freedom) for their actions.
8번: 기술 진보의 동기 : 기술 발전의 원동력은 '필요'보다는 '욕구'에서 비롯된다. 인간의 불완전한 창조물이 개선과 진화를 촉진하며, 이는 혁신의 기반이 된다.
When an item that is currently being produced by a manufacturer is found to have a (shortcoming, advantage), it is often said that there is a “(need, want)” for improvement. However, the driving force behind technological advances is actually “(want, need)” rather than need.
While human beings need certain things, such as water and air, they simply want hot water and air conditioning. Food itself is indispensable, but food that is easy to prepare is not. In other words, it is (luxury, necessity), not necessity, that is the true mother of invention.
Everything we create is (imperfect, perfect) in some way, and this (imperfection, perfection) drives evolution. The form of everything humans manufacture can be changed, and these changes generally take place after the item has failed to function as desired. This is a (universal, specific) principle, one that applies to all forms of human invention and (innovation, replication). Nothing is perfect, and even our perception of perfection changes over time.
9번: 자본과 생산성의 한계 : 자본을 통해 생산성을 높일 수 있지만, 자본의 효과에는 한계가 있다. 지속 가능한 경제 성장은 단순한 자본의 양적 증가보다 혁신적 전략에 의해 가능하다.
By increasing (fixed, flexible) capital, such as land, buildings or equipment, one can increase productivity.
For example, a farmer can grow more crops at a (lower, higher) cost if he is given a larger tractor and more land, and if the road to his farm is paved to make it easier for him to bring his food to market. However, capital comes at a (cost, benefit). In order to have money to invest and grow an enterprise, one must save. The more money one saves, the more capital one can (buy, discard). There are limits to how much capital can help, though. When it comes to the farmer, his second tractor will increase his productivity much (less, more) than the first.
This law of diminishing returns can be overturned by (transforming, declining) economic production with new ideas. Different or better things can be produced at a (lower, greater) cost by combining the accumulated labor and capital in a new way.
Thus, economists state that better (strategies, tactics), and not simply more capital, lead to economic growth.
10번: 치어리더 효과 : 사람은 집단의 전반적인 인상을 바탕으로 개인을 평가하며, 이 과정에서 개별적인 결점이 보완된다. 이를 통해 그룹 내에서 개인이 더 매력적으로 보이는 현상이 나타난다.
When you’re creating a personal profile on a social networking website and want to make yourself look appealing, research has shown it’s best to choose a group shot for your profile picture. This is because of what’s commonly known as the (cheerleader, teammate) effect, which is caused by how our (visuo-cognitive, visual-emotional) processes work. When we look at groups of people or objects, we visually perceive general information about the group as a whole, such as average size or a shared facial expression. As a result, we naturally form a (general, specific) impression based on the whole set of individuals, rather than each separate member.
Furthermore, our (perception, reflection) of a single individual is influenced by our general impression, since we tend to see them as more similar to the rest of the group than they really are. The (averaging out, emphasizing) of unattractive features also makes normal faces seem better looking. That’s why (composite, singular) faces turn out more appealing than the individual faces used to create them. The impression of the group (compensates, diminishes) for each person’s weaknesses, making individual faces appear more attractive when seen with others.